Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist tendencies. It is still healthier than we had hoped for.
The country is looking for an innovative development paradigm. A Confucian culture that values respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relations continues to influence the society. But there are signs that a secular culture is beginning to emerge.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild foods. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock and also made furs. These tribes formed tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools, and later iron tools. They traded with other nations and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan and also art styles as well as a written language and papermaking.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established on the southern part of the peninsula. This state adopted Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this period the inhabitants of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state of hierarchy where the monarch and senior officials were members of the aristocracy of the land, whereas the majority of the population was peasants. The state imposed taxes on the citizens and often required them to serve in the army or work on projects for the government like building fortifications.
At the end of the period the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. 에볼루션 사이트 grew into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thought into its state belief system and made the male centered filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obeyed by all and admired by even their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, which would rule from 918 to 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was refined. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was the first to be recorded.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of graves lined with stone, and decorated with precious items such as amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, constructed from huge single stones, are prevalent throughout the country.
Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized in the first half of 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was then controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians do not consider to be a proper Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states arose in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje, the most powerful of these states was diminished by the Goguryeo's fall (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern regions in Manchuria and the its western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a while.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to work together in order to expand their territories. In the end, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea is entering a post-crisis period its development model appears to be changing. The people who are affronted by the huge cost of the old system are urging an extensive program of liberalization in capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand the people who support the old system try to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments and by exaggerating fears about possible job loss.
The academic and policy analysts remain in a tense debate about the extent to which these two developments are driving Koreas development towards a new model of economic governance. This article examines the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development that include democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also highlights the most important elements that are the driving force behind these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their beliefs to this group. A 2009 survey showed that almost one-third of respondents didn't believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs; and 17 percent said they didn't comprehend it. This level of disbelief approaches that of the United States, where a majority of people do not accept that humans evolved from less advanced types of life.
In the past, the majority of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and in bringing them to Christ. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. The event was attended by a large number of church leaders, and scientists.
The success of this event resulted in the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st 1981. The meeting was covered extensively in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR started publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the organization reported on its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR as well as a few books on creationism which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures in universities and churches across the country.
One example of a KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so interested in creationism, they raised money and secured funding to construct an enlightened museum on campus.
In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. The magazine covers subjects that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has an organization of local branch offices that offer talks and seminars to schoolchildren and other community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the latter half of the 19th century and into the early the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts, and other foreign fashion elements. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern rock and roll and jazz. In the period of this transition the famous samulnori, also known as the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various musical instruments.
Korea's new development paradigm is being formed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The new regime's main challenge is the balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-based ones. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring, or disciplining systems that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions and also by a migrant from northern China. Baekje was an important regional power in the early 4th Century expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. The kingdom was in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders at the border.
The fall of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries saw powerful local factions to rise. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also exerted control over part of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
However the rule of his was short-lived. After Gungye was defeated by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later, Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as an alternative state. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central government system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point on, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.